Science Praxis Study Guide
1 day ago - Praxis 2 Biology General Science Review Test Prep Flashcards Praxis Study Guide Exambusters Praxis 2 Study Guide download textbooks. Get ready for the Praxis General Science exam with the help of our practice course. Our lessons and multiple-choice quizzes allow you to prepare. Jun 28, 2014 - Hi everyone, has anyone taken the general science praxis exam. ETS practice tests or study guides for biology, chemistry, earth science, etc.,.
Physical property changes of matter do not produce a new substance Intensive: the same regardless of the amount of matter. density: m/v. color: The pigment or shade.
conductivity: electricity to flow through the substance. malleability: if a substance can be flattened. luster: how shiny the substance looks melting and freezing point Extensive: will change if the amount of matter changes. mass: how much matter in the sample. volume: How much space the sample takes up. length: How long the sample is. Any of a material's properties that becomes evident during a chemical reaction-any quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity.
Reactivity against other chemical substances. Heat of combustion. Enthalpy of formation. Toxicity. Chemical stability in a given environment. Flammability.
Preferred oxidation state(s). Coordination number.
Capability to undergo a certain set of transformations, for ex chemical combination, redox reactions. Preferred types of chemical bonds to form, for example metallic, ionic, covalent. Pure chemical substance, one type of atom, distinguished by its atomic number (Z), the number of protons in its nucleus # of protons determines chemical properties Mass number (A) is the number of nucleons (p+N) in nucleus Oxygen most abundant on earth, Hydrogen most abundant in universe Elements with atomic numbers 83 or higher are inherently unstable, and undergo radioactive decay The abundance of the lightest elements is well predicted by the standard cosmological model, since they were produced shortly after the Big Bang, in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
Heavier elements were mostly produced much later, inside stars. Decomposition. Neutralization (Mixing acid+base=water and a salt). Photosynthesis -co2 and water are changed into sugars. Cooking examples: cake, pancakes, and eggs/bacon. Oxidation examples: rust or tarnishing. Ripening examples: bananas, tomatoes or potatoes Evidence.
Change of odor. Change of color. Change in temp or energy, such as the production (exothermic) or loss (endothermic) of heat. Change of form (for example, burning paper). Light, heat, or sound is given off.
Formation of gases, often appearing as bubbles. Formation of precipitate (insoluble particles). The decomposition of organic matter (for ex rotting food). In 1913, physicist Niels Bohr suggested that the electrons were confined into clearly defined, quantized orbits, and could jump between these, but could not freely spiral inward or outward in intermediate states.An electron must absorb or emit specific amounts of energy to transition between these fixed orbits.
When the light from a heated material was passed through a prism, it produced a multi-colored spectrum. The appearance of fixed lines in this spectrum was successfully explained by these orbital transitions. The electron configuration of an atom is the particular distribution of electrons among available shells. It is described by a notation that lists the subshell symbols, one after another.
Each symbol has a superscript on the right giving the number of electrons in that subshell. For example, a configuration of the lithium atom (atomic number 3) with two electrons in the 1s subshell and one electron in the 2s subshell is written 1s^2 2s^1. The number of electrons in an atom of an element is given by the atomic number of that element.
The radii generally decrease along each period (row) of the table, from the alkali metals to the noble gases increase down each group (column). The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period. These trends of the atomic radii (and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory. An object is moving at its terminal velocity if its speed is constant due to the restraining force exerted by the air, water or other fluid through which it is moving.
A free-falling object achieves its terminal velocity when the downward force of gravity (Fg) equals the upward force of drag (Fd). This causes the net force on the object to be zero, resulting in an acceleration of zero- continues falling at a constant speed. More drag means a lower terminal velocity, increased weight means a higher. A class of relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is unaffected cattle egrets foraging in fields among cattle or other livestock. As cattle, horses, and other livestock graze on the field, they cause movements that stir up various insects. As the insects are stirred up, the cattle egrets following the livestock catch and feed upon them. The egrets benefit from this relationship because the livestock have helped them find their meals, while the livestock are typically unaffected by it.
After the stratosphere, before thermosphere. Where most meteors burn up upon entering the atmosphere. Temperature decreases with height. The mesopause, the temperature minimum that marks the top of the mesosphere, is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−121 °F; 188.1 K). Due to the cold temperature, water vapor is frozen, forming ice clouds (or Noctilucent clouds). A type of lightning referred to as either sprites or ELVES, form many miles above thunderclouds in the troposphere. A layer in Earth's atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3).
This layer absorbs 97-99% of the sun's high frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially damaging to life on earth. It is located in the lower portion of the stratosphere Ozone concentrations are greatest between about 20 and 40 km, where they range from about 2 to 8 parts per million. If all of the ozone were compressed to the pressure of the air at sea level, it would be only a few millimeters thick. Electroplating is a plating process that uses electrical current to reduce cations of a desired material from a solution and coat a conductive object with a thin layer of the material, such as a metal. The part to be plated is the cathode of the circuit. The anode is made of the metal to be plated on the part.
Both components are immersed in a solution electrolyte containing one or more dissolved metal salts that permit the flow of electricity. A power supply supplies a direct current to the anode, oxidizing its metal atoms, dissolving in the solution.
At the cathode, the dissolved metal ions in the electrolyte solution are reduced at the interface between the solution and the cathode, such that they 'plate out' onto the cathode. The spindles continue to move the homologous chromosomes to the poles. Once movement is complete, each pole has a haploid number of chromosomes In most cases, cytokinesis occurs at the same time as telophase I. At the end of telophase I and cytokinesis, two daughter cells are produced, each with one half the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell. Depending on the kind of cell, various processes occur in preparation for meiosis II. There is however a constant: The genetic material does not replicate again. A complex protein structure that is analogous to a ring for the microtubule hook; it is the point where microtubules attach themselves to the chromosome When a microtubule connects with the kinetochore, the motor activates, using energy from ATP to 'crawl' up the tube toward the originating centrosome.
Library Science Praxis Study Guide
This motor activity provides the pulling force necessary to later separate the chromosome's two chromatids. In the fishing pole analogy, the kinetochore would be the 'hook' that catches a sister chromatid or 'fish'. The centrosome acts as the 'reel' that draws in the spindle fibers or 'fishing line'. A solution that contains more of the dissolved material than could be dissolved by the solvent under normal circumstances. Are prepared or result when some condition of a saturated solution is changed, for example temperature, volume (as by evaporation), or pressure Carbonated water is a supersaturated solution of carbon dioxide gas in water. At the elevated pressure in the bottle, more carbon dioxide can dissolve in water than at atmospheric pressure.
At atmospheric pressure, the carbon dioxide gas escapes very slowly from the supersaturated liquid. This process may be accelerated by the presence of nucleation sites within the solution, such as small bubbles, caused by shaking the bottle, or another solute, such as sugar powder or a widget. A Diet Coke and Mentos eruption is a rather extreme example. The process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute. As ions dissolve in a solvent they spread out and become surrounded by solvent molecules involves different types of intermolecular interactions: hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole, and dipole-dipole attractions or van der Waals forces. Hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole, and dipole-dipole interactions occur only in polar solvents.
Ion-ion interactions occur only in ionic solvents distinct from dissolution and solubility. Dissolution is a kinetic process, and is quantified by its rate. Solubility quantifies the dynamic equilibrium state achieved when the rate of dissolution equals the rate of precipitation. Reacts with metals and carbonates, turns blue litmus paper red, and has a pH less than 7.0 in its standard state Acids can occur in solid, liquid or gaseous form, depending on the temperature.
They can exist as pure substances or in solution Reactions of acids are often generalized in the form HA H+ + A− where HA represents the acid and A− is the conjugate base. Acid-base conjugate pairs differ by one proton, and can be interconverted by the addition or removal of a proton the stronger of two acids will have a higher disassociation constant (k suba) pKa = -log10 Ka. Stronger acids have a smaller pKa than weaker acids. Assigned by computing the difference between the number of valence electrons that a neutral atom of that element would have and the number of electrons that 'belong' to it in the Lewis structure. Electrons in a bond between atoms of different elements belong to the most electronegative atom; electrons in a bond between atoms of the same element are split equally, and electrons in a lone pair belong only to the atom with the lone pair. While in ions the algebraic sum of the oxidation states of the constituent atoms must be equal to the charge on the ion.
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