34 Endocrine And Reproductive System Study Guide
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If you are searching for the book 34 endocrine and reproductive system study guide in pdf form, then you've come to loyal site. We presented the full option of this ebook in ePub, doc, PDF, txt, DjVu. The role of hormones and the endocrine system. ❖ Review of the female reproductive system. This diagram also portrays the imperative role of society and. Reproductive Health and the Environment (Draft for review).
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What endocrine glands regulate sexual activity in males? How does this regulation work and what hormones are involved? In males, sexual activity is regulated by the endocrine glands: the hypophysis (the pituitary), the adrenal glands and the gonads (testicles).
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) secreted by the adenohypophysis acts on the testicles, stimulating spermatogenesis. LH (luteinizing hormone), another adenohypophyseal hormone, also stimulates the production of testosterone by the testicles. Testosterone, the production of which intensifies after the beginning of puberty, acts on several organs of the body and is responsible for the appearance of secondary male sex characteristics (beard, body hair, deep voice, increase in the muscle and bone mass, maturation of genitalia, etc.). Testosterone also stimulates spermatogenesis.
Reproductive System Function
The Reproductive System Review - Image Diversity: The Female Reproductive System. What are the anatomical relationships between the organs of the female reproductive system, from the external vulva to the ovaries? The external female genitalia is called the vulva. The vulva is the external opening of the vaginal canal, or vagina.
The vagina is the copulation organ of females and its posterior extremity communicates with the uterus through the uterine cervix. The uterus is divided into two portions: the cervix and the uterine cavity. The lateral walls of the uterine fundus communicate with the Fallopian tubes. The other extremity of each Fallopian tube ends in fimbria, forming fringes in the abdominal cavity. Between the uterine tube and the ovary is intra-abdominal space. What is the relationship between estrogen level and the LH level in the menstrual cycle? What is the function of LH in the menstrual cycle and when does its blood concentration reach a peak?
The increase in the blood concentration of estrogen with the growing of the ovarian follicle causes the hypophysis to secrete LH. During this phase, LH acts along with FSH to promote the maturation of the follicle, which on the 14th day, ruptures, releasing the female gamete (ovulation).
After the release of the ovum, LH stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum, a structure made from the remaining follicular mass. LH concentration is at its maximum on the 14th day of the cycle. The Reproductive System Review - Image Diversity. Into what structure is the follicle transformed after ovulation? What is the importance of that structure in the menstrual cycle?
The follicle that released the ovum undergoes the action of LH and is transformed into the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum is very important because it secretes estrogen and progesterone. These hormones prepare the uterine mucosa, also known as endometrium, for nidation (the implantation of the zygote in the uterine wall) and embryonic development, since they stimulate the thickening of the mucous tissue, increase its vascularity and cause the appearance of uterine glycogen-producing glands.
How does negative feedback between the hypophysis and corpus luteum work? What is the name given to the atrophied corpus luteum after this feedback process? After ovulation, the estrogen and progesterone secretions from the corpus luteum inhibit hypophyseal FSH and LH secretions (this happens through the inhibition of GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, a hypothalamic hormone).
The blood concentration of these adenohypophyseal hormones falls to basal levels once again. As LH lowers, the corpus luteum (luteum means “yellow”) becomes atrophic and turns into the corpus albicans (“white”).
With the regression of the corpus luteum, the production of estrogen and progesterone ceases. The Reproductive System Review - Image Diversity. Including the main events and hormonal changes, how can the menstrual cycle be described? The cycle can be described like an analog clock on which 12 o’clock is the beginning and the end of the menstrual cycle and 6 o’clock corresponds to the 14th day of the cycle.
At 12 o’clock, menses and therefore the menstrual cycle begin and FSH blood levels begins to increase. Around 2 o’clock, the follicles maturing under the effect of FSH are already secreting estrogen and the endometrium is thickening. Around 3 o’clock, estrogen is intensely stimulating the increase of LH blood levels.
At 6 o’clock (the 14th day), LH is at its maximum concentration and FSH is also at high levels to promote ovulation. LH then stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum. Around 7 o’clock, the corpus luteum is already secreting a large amount of estrogen and progesterone and the endometrium thickens even more; levels of FSH and LH decrease with the increasing of the ovarian hormones. Around 11 o’clock, the reduced LH and FSH levels make the corpus luteum turn into the corpus albicans; the production of estrogen and progesterone ceases and the endometrium regresses.
At 12 o’clock again (the 28th day), the endometrium desquamates and a new menstrual cycle begins. In general, during what phase of the menstrual cycle can copulation lead to fertilization? Although this is not a rule, to be effective, fertilization must occur within 24 hours after ovulation (which occurs around the 14th day of the menstrual cycle). Fertilization may occur even if copulation took place up to 3 days before ovulation, since male gametes remain viable for about 72 hours within the female reproductive system. However, the fertile period of the women is considered to be the period from 7 days before ovulation to 7 days after ovulation.
How does the sexual arousal mechanism in women facilitate fertilization? During sexual arousal in women, the vagina secretes substances to neutralize its acidity, thus allowing the survival of sperm cells within it. During the female fertile period, hormones make the mucus that covers the internal surface of the uterus less viscous to help the passage of sperm cells into the uterine tubes.
During copulation, the uterine cervix advances inside the vagina to facilitate the entrance of male gametes through the cervical canal. Nidation and Pregnancy. What is tubal pregnancy? Often fertilization takes place in the Fallopian tubes. Generally, the newly formed zygote is moved to the uterus, where nidation and embryonic development occur. However, in some cases, the zygote cannot descend into the uterus and the embryo implants itself in the uterine tube tissue, which is the characteristic of tubal pregnancy.
34 Endocrine And Reproductive System Worksheets Answer
Tubal pregnancy is a severe clinical condition since the tube often ruptures during gestation, causing a hemorrhage and even the death of the woman. The most common treatment for tubal pregnancy is surgery. Does the hypophysis-ovaries endocrine axis work in the same way during pregnancy as in non-pregnant women? If pregnancy does not occur how does another menstrual cycle begin?
The functioning of the hypophysis is altered during pregnancy. Since estrogen and progesterone levels remain elevated during the gestational period, the production of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus is inhibited. The lack of GnRH therefore inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH by the hypophysis and a new menstrual cycle does not begin. If pregnancy does not occur, the lowering of estrogen and progesterone levels stimulates the production of GnRH by the hypothalamus.
This hormone then hastens the adenohypophyseal secretion of FHS and LH, which in turn stimulate the maturation of follicles and the beginning of a new menstrual cycle. What is the endocrine function of the placenta? The placenta, in addition to being the organ through which the exchange of substances between the mother and the fetus is carried out, also has the function of secreting estrogen and progesterone to maintain a high level of these hormones during pregnancy.
(The placenta still secretes other hormones such as human placental lactogen, which acts in a way similar to that of the hypophyseal hormones that regulate reproduction, and HCG, human chorionic gonadotropin.) Reproductive Planning Methods. What are the common contraindications of contraceptive pills? There are medical reports associating the use of contraceptive pills with vomiting, nausea, vertigo, headaches, hypertension and other pathological conditions. Some research has attempted to relate the medical ingestion of estrogen and progesterone with an increased propensity for cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks, strokes and thrombosis) and malignant neoplasms (cancers). Doctors must always be asked about the risks and benefits of the contraceptive pill prior to use.
What are the most common methods of male and female surgical sterilization? Vasectomy is the most common method of surgical sterilization in men. In vasectomy, the vas deferens inside the scrotum are sectioned and closed at a section, forbidding the sperm cells from entering the ejaculatory duct but still allowing the release of seminal fluid during ejaculation. The surgical sterilization of women is often done by bilateral tubal ligation. With tubal ligation, the ovum does not enter the uterus and, as a result, sperm cells cannot reach it. The Reproductive System Review - Image Diversity.
What is the normal duration of the menstrual cycle? How does the calendar contraceptive method work? The normal duration of the menstrual cycle is 28 days, but it can vary among different women or different cycles in the same woman. In the calendar contraceptive method, the date n-14 (n minus 14) is taken, considering n the number of days of the normal menstrual cycle of the woman (generally n=28). The safety margin +3 or –3 refers to the days around n-14 during which intercourse should be avoided to prevent pregnancy. (This method is not completely free of failures.
A doctor must always be consulted before relying on any contraceptive method.). What is the contraceptive mechanism of an IUD? An IUD (intrauterine device) is a piece of plastic coated with copper that is inserted into the uterus by a doctor. Copper is then gradually released (an IUD can last from 5 to 10 years) and since it has a spermicidal effect, sperm cells are destroyed before fertilization. In addition to this mechanism, the movement of the IUD inside the uterus causes slight endometrial inflammation, which helps to prevent nidation. The Reproductive System Review - Image Diversity: Reproduction in Other Animals (See zoology subjects for a comprehensive review.).
Nervous System
Generally, how does a male animal realize that the female is receptive to copulation? In most vertebrate species with internal fertilization, females have reproductive cycles with fertile periods. During this period, the female secretes pheromones (odoriferous substances that attract the male of the species) from the skin and mucosae.
The presence of the male individual and his pheromones also stimulates the release of pheromones by the female. (Many animals also use pheromones to mark their territories and for signal transmission between individuals about the location of dangers and food.).
Freelander manual. What is parthenogenesis? Parthenogenesis is the reproduction or formation of a new individual from the egg cell without fertilization by the male gamete. Depending on the species, individuals born via parthenogenesis may be male or female, or of any sex.
In bees, the drone (the single male bee) is haploid and born via parthenogenesis while the females (queen and workers) are diploid. Now that you have finished studying, these are your options:. Review this subject, read all Q&As again. Study the next subject: go to. Choose another Q&A sequence to study by using the subject menu.